When italicizing words within a quotation for emphasis, add the parenthetical phrase emphasis added after the citation. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue. This is not a comprehensive citation reference work. Books, reports, treatises bluebook legal citation tarlton. I had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for example, if the emphasized language is bolded, is the phrase emphasis added bolded. A professional system of citation, prepared and published by the association of legal writing directors and darby dickerson. Because you will often cite a case and other legal. That is the bluebook rule addressing the broader question of how to signal. Look at this, the writing screams, and this, and this. Below you will see examples of bluebook citations for various common authority types.
Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law library. Adds instruction on how to cite to an excerpt or partial reprint. Judges do not want a book report on multiple cases and. Periods with quotation marks grammar and punctuation. Prior to this years twentieth edition, the bluebook itself provided no guidance on when a writer could or should omit internal quotation marks. The supreme court will follow this manual in its opinions. Never place the period outside the quotation marks. Historical development and library implications, 75 l. Presented by the academic achievement program october. Writing manual is the first comprehensive guide to judicial opinion writing published by the court for its use. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets. The web site information should be included if desired. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases. Bluebook guide 20th ed powerpoint from penn state law.
California style manual for many years, the california style manual has served as the official guide for styling citations to legal materials in documents filed with state courts in california. Bluebook citation for llm students bluebook citation for. The alwd guide to legal citation explains legal citation formats for all types of legal documents in a clear, pedagogically sound manner. Consisting of three parts, the writing manual addresses broad areas of interest to judges and lawyers. I had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for. This is the american english rule this newsletter, the blue book of grammar and punctuation, and. I admonish him not to submit further briefs to this court unless demonstrating a good faith effort to comply with proper format. Therefore, if the emphasis appears in the original text, do not include the parenthetical phrase emphasis in original. To the maroon books authors, the bluebook commits the most heinous of sins. Typeface rules were relaxed to permit use of large and small caps in court documents for stylistic purposes. In a survey of over 300 federal judges about persuasive writing, most judges responded that the. This guide provides answers specifically to questions about the citation rules in the white pages, not the blue pages. This book is a reference guide that, believe it or not, will be just about the only book you take from law school into your practice as a lawyer.
If, however, the provision cited or quoted has changed since the publication of the source doing the citing or quoting, cite. Oct 07, 2007 the chicago manual of style recommends the bluebook. It is used in citations to present authorities and indicate how those authorities relate to propositions in statements. Dec 19, 2019 you can use this page as a quick starting point. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession. Hat tip to eva resnicow, aka editrix lex, who brought this bluebook change to my attention since the eighteenth edition, the bluebook has included internal quotation marks omitted. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the bluebook and in part by our own writing objectives.
Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. I believe it was a very valid question about using sic. Emphasis added one only needs to add the notation of emphasis added when emphasis has, in fact, been added. Legal citation differs from any other type in academic scholarship or writing.
Excessive use of emphasis added tends to make readers feel a bit browbeaten. The scope of the indigo books coverage is roughly equivalent to the bluebooks bluepagesthat is, the indigo book covers legal citation for u. The editors provide authoritative guidance to reasonable questions on subjects covered by the bluebook. Some of these rules may conflict with rules you learned using different citation or style manuals. According to the bluebook section continue reading. Each example contains orange brackets and labels clicking on a bracketed and labelled portion of the example will redirect to where rules concerning that element of example are included within this guide. Basic legal citation starting points most lawyers and law students seem to think that properly citing legal materials is a nightmare. This is done by inserting square bracket with original emphasis added after the page. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks unique system of citation in their writing. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing. In almost all cases you should transcribe a quotation exactly as it appears in the source. A number of sources are available to help you become proficient and professional in the art of legal citation. Blue book citation for depositions study tips, dealing with stress, maintaining a social life, financial aid, internships, bar exam, careers in law.
However, you may occasionally want to italicize words in a quotation to. The guides plain language, numerous examples, and clear. Citations in quotingciting parentheticals, 6152010 related section. A basic approach for paralegals aspen paralegal series.
In court documents briefs, motions and legal memoranda, a full case name is usually italicized or underlined. Short citation forms thus far, this guide has described how to cite cases in long form, i. Blue book citation for depositions top law schools. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. Changes in the 20th edition of the bluebook pace law library. Explanatory parentheticals can pack a persuasive punch. The style manual used by the new york state law reporting. When citing a source for the purposes of a citing or quoting parenthetical under rule 1.
Lawyers have spent decades trying to achieve emphasis in legal documents by underlining. Adds an explanation to the rule on italicizing explanatory phrases in citations that they should not be italicized when introducing the citation in a related authority parenthetical. This part outlines where vlr conventions depart from the. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority or significance of a legal citation as it relates to a proposition. I am so pleased to recognize our outstanding state reporter, bill. Sep 12, 2019 alwd guide to legal citation by association of legal writing directors staff. Effective january 1, 2008, however, california rule of court, rule 1. It is confusing, frustrating, timeconsuming to use, and ultimately makes the legal citation. The bluebook signals the importance of quotations in legal writing by. If the provisions involved are lengthy, their citation alone suffices at this point, and. Citation machine helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use.
Board of directors for the legal writing institute and. Excessive use of ellipses and brackets may make readers wonder if important things had been cut. If the original source is in writing, and already has bold, underlined. Presented by the academic achievement program october 25, 2011. I am so pleased to recognize our outstanding state reporter, bill hooks, who succeeded to the position in june 2009.
Surely you have never encountered anything quite like the bluebook before. While it is true that some law schools and many courts do not follow the bluebooks rules exclusively,4 the bluebook is still. I must start by thanking the law reporting bureau of the state of new york for inviting me to write the foreword for the 2012 style manual. Jun 01, 2015 the 20th edition of the bluebook was recently released. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed. Citus legalus is an automated bluebook citation generator for lazy law students. The yale law journal volume 123 style sheet the yale law journal follows the bluebook. Some lawyers must really like the use of emphasis in a brief. This book is a reference guide that, believe it or not, will be. Parenthetical use is governed in part by the bluebook and in part by our own.
In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. Once again, you can demonstrate both appropriate use and overuse of the emphasis added option. Law school bluebook basics one of the books that all 1l law students are required to purchase is the bluebook. A uniform system of citation, a style guide, prescribes the most widely used legal citation system in the united states. Nov 01, 2017 i had a question during a presentation i was making about whether the phrase emphasis added when used with a quotation was treated in the same font as the emphasized language, for example, if the emphasized language is bolded, is the phrase emphasis added bolded. Citus legalus the citation generator for lazy law students.
With each version, ask your students how readers are likely to react. Blue pages this guide covers the bluebook s white pages, which provide citation rules for academic papers. In the olcs analysis, legal constraints on nonenforcement derive. Its limited aim is to serve as a tutorial on how to cite the most widely referenced types of u. These are common mistakes made by firstyear law students. Board of directors for the legal writing institute and has served on the editorial board for the journal legal writing.
December 07, 2017 articles cleaning up quotations in legal writing the inside scoop on 2017s hottest new citation tool. Effective parentheticals make writing clear and concise federal and state judges are persuaded by clear and concise writing and distracted by writing that rambles or contains convoluted arguments. Generally, rule 4 will provide guidance for proper shortform citation of this type of authority, as is discussed under general shortform citation rules in this guide. The guides plain language, numerous examples, and clear, integrated structure to explaining the legal system of citation for legal materials is easy for students, professors, practitioners, and judges to understand and use. A parenthetical is an explanatory phrase included in parentheses at the end of a legal citation. All citations must include a pin cite, unless the citation is merely providing the citation for a full case name in text or the citation is a see generally cite in which the entire source makes the point. Emphasizing words in a direct quotation apa writing commons. The numbering of the rules in the bluepages nonacademic citation now parallels the numbering in the whitepages academic citation. Mar 30, 2012 while i still do believe in the use of emphasis, my years of experience has taught me that less is more effective. The scope of the indigo book s coverage is roughly equivalent to the bluebooks bluepagesthat is, the indigo book covers legal citation for u. Or use italics but explain your changes in a parenthetical note after the citation, just as you would for added emphasis or omitted footnotes.
Everything you wanted to know that the bluebook does not. However, you may occasionally want to italicize words in a quotation to call special attention to them. Author of the original blue book of grammar and punctuation. At asl, the primary source for rules regarding legal citation is the. Often on every page, and sometimes for a paragraph or more. Cite sources in apa, mla, chicago, turabian, and harvard for free. Similar parenthetical notices to be appended to citations as appropriate include emphasis added and citations omitted. Use italics to add emphasis to a specific word or words in a direct quotation that were not originally emphasized by the author. Additionally, type the phrase emphasis added and enclose it in brackets directly after the emphasized words to indicate to the reader that the emphasis is not present in the original text. The use of emphasis on every page distracts the reader from the proper flow of the narrative argument and inevitably cheapens the effect and purpose for the use of emphasis. The bluebook also has citation rules for legal memoranda and other practiceoriented materials the blue pages, which students in lrwa2 use for their memo assignments. However, the basic format of a case citation is as follows. In many cases, the bluebook specifies rules for legal writing and citation.
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